E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake (1861-1913)
As an Indigenous woman publishing at the turn of the nineteenth century in Canada, Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake) stood at the intersection of issues of race, gender, and colonialism – an historical moment evidenced by the notable absence of Indigenous representation or female voice in the literary canon. Though most often cited for her poem, “The Song My Paddle Sings” (1892), Johnson published a wide selection of poetry and prose throughout her career as a Mohawk performer/writer.
Johnson was born 10 March, 1861 on Six Nations of the Grand River territory (near Brantford, ON). Her father, Mohawk Chief George Henry Martin Johnson (Onwanonsyshon), built the impressive family home known as “Chiefswood” for his English bride, Emily Susanna Howells – a relative of American writer William Dean Howells (Strong-Boag & Gerson 49). The house boasted a unique dual-entrance design, with one door facing the road, and the other facing the Grand River – for access by canoe (Gray 44).
As the youngest of four children, Johnson enjoyed a middle-class upbringing and was educated mostly from home; she attended the reserve school for two years, and then Brantford Collegiate Institute from the ages of 14 to 16 (Gray 70). In 1877, Johnson returned to the family home and spent her time reading, writing, visiting with friends and canoeing on the Grand River. When her father died in 1884, the family could no longer afford to live at Chiefswood, and thus relocated to a smaller home in Brantford. Johnson, now 23 years old and unmarried, began publishing her poetry in periodicals including Gems of Poetry (New York) and The Week (Toronto). By 1886 her reputation was growing, and she began signing her work with both her English name and adopted Mohawk name, Tekahionwake – a name that belonged first to her great-grandfather, Jacob Johnson (Keller 47).
With the 1892 publication of Johnson’s “A Strong Race Opinion: On the Indian Girl in Modern Fiction”, a critical interjection was made into the field of Canadian literature through her criticism of the literary representations of Indigenous women. That same year, Johnson delivered a captivating recitation of the politically-charged “A Cry from an Indian Wife” to a crowd of Toronto’s literary select (Strong-Boag & Gerson 102); this began her career as a performer for the next 17 years, where she toured throughout Canada, the United States, and England. Often, during these performances, Johnson would appear onstage wearing a “Native” buckskin costume for the first half of the program, and would then change into an elegant gown for the second half (Foster 42; Gerson & Strong-Boag xvii).
In 1895, Johnson published her first book of poetry, titled The White Wampum (London: John Lane), which met with great success. Johnson moved to Winnipeg after the death of her mother (1898), and was briefly engaged to Charles Robert Lumley Drayton that same year (Strong-Boag & Gerson 140). Her second poetry collection, Canadian Born (Toronto: Morang), was published in 1903.
After retiring from the stage in 1909 due to declining health, Johnson moved to Vancouver, BC, where she began writing short articles for periodicals including The Mother’s Magazine, The Boys’ World, and The Vancouver Daily Province newspaper. Many of the stories published in these periodicals were based on her friendship with Squamish Chief Joe Capilano (Sahp-luk), whom she had met while touring in London in 1906. When she became ill with breast cancer, friends and supporters endeavored to publish a collection of Johnson’s prose stories to raise funds for her medical treatment (Strong-Boag & Gerson 66; Keller 256-7) . This collection was titled Legends of Vancouver, and was first published privately in 1911. A collection of her poetry, titled Flint and Feather (Toronto: Musson), was published in 1912 under similar circumstances – and both collections remain in print today.
Johnson eventually succumbed to her illness, and passed away on 7 March, 1913. The city of Vancouver held a funeral several days later, with the grand procession taking place between the Bute Street hospital and Christ Church Cathedral (Keller 269-70). Johnson’s ashes were interred near Ferguson Point in Stanley Park, within view of her beloved Siwash Rock. A memorial service was also held for Pauline at the Mohawk Church on the Six Nations Reserve (Foster 152). There were two posthumous prose collections published following her death: The Moccasin Maker (Toronto: Briggs), which includes many stories from The Mother’s Magazine, and The Shagganappi (Toronto: Briggs), a collection of stories from the The Boys’ World periodical. A monument was raised at her gravesite in Stanley Park in 1922 by the Women’s Canadian Club (Keller 277; Foster 153).
Johnson’s work continues to be read and re-published. In her archival research, TPatT team member Dr. Alix Shield discovered a note by Johnson where she expresses her desire that the group of stories that were to be released as Legends of Vancouver to be named Legends of the Capilano, as a way to recognize her collaborations with Chief Joe Capilano (Sahp-luk) and Mary Capilano (Lixwelut). In 2023, in consultation with members of the Capilano family, Shield released Legends of the Capilano along with five additional stories narrated by Lixwelut, as part of the University of Manitoba Press’s “First Voices, First Text” Series.
Selected Readings:
Johnson, E. Pauline. Canadian Born. Toronto: Morang, 1903.
---. Flint and Feather. Toronto: Musson, 1912. [many subsequent editions]
---. Legends of Vancouver. Vancouver, BC: privately printed, 1911. [many subsequent editions]
---.The Moccasin Maker. Toronto: Briggs, 1913; reprinted 1927. [several subsequent editions]
---.The Shagganappi. Toronto: Briggs, 1913; reprinted 1927.
---.The White Wampum. London: John Lane; Toronto: Copp Clark; Boston, Lamson, Wolffe, 1895.
Works Cited:
Foster, Mrs. W. Garland. The Mohawk Princess: Being Some Account of the Life of Tekahion-wake (E. Pauline Johnson). Lions' Gate Publishing Company, 1931.
Gray, Charlotte. Flint & Feather: The Life and Times of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake. HarperCollins, 2002.
Johnson, E. Pauline. E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake: Collected Poems and Selected Prose. Edited by Carole Gerson and Veronica Strong-Boag, University of Toronto Press, 2002.
Johnson, E. Pauline (Tekahionwake), Chief Joe Capilano (Sahp-luk), and Mary Agnes Capilano (Lixwelut). Legends of the Capilano. Edited by Alix Shield. U of Manitoba P, 2023.
Keller, Betty. Pauline: A Biography of Pauline Johnson. Douglas & McIntyre, 1981.
Strong-Boag, Veronica, and Carole Gerson. Paddling Her Own Canoe: The Times and Texts of E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake). University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Secondary Sources for Further Reading:
Daniher, Colleen Kim. "Looking at Pauline Johnson: Gender, Race, and Delsartism's Legible Body." Theatre Journal, vol. 72, no. 1, 2020, p. 1-20.
Gerson, Carole, and Alix Shield. "Picturing E. Pauline Johnson/Tekahionwake: Illustration and the Construction of Indigenous Authorship." The Cultural Performance of Authorship in Canada, special issue of Authorship, vol. 10, no. 1, July 2021. https://www.authorship.ugent.be/article/view/20629
Johnson, E. Pauline. Tekahionwake: E. Pauline Johnson's Writings on Native North America. Edited by Margery Fee and Dory Nason, Broadview Press, 2016.
McRaye, Walter. Pauline Johnson and Her Friends. The Ryerson Press, 1947.
Quirk, Linda. "Labour of Love: Legends of Vancouver and the Unique Publishing Enterprise that Wrote E. Pauline Johnson into Canadian Literary History." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada/Cahiers de la Société Bibliographique du Canada 47.2 (2009): pp. 201-51.
---. "Skyward Floating Feather: A Publishing History of E. Pauline Johnson’s Flint and Feather.” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada/Cahiers de la Société Bibliographique du Canada 44.1 (2006): pp. 69-106.
This image conforms to copyright laws. Photo c1902, from the Major James Skitt Matthew fonds, City of Vancouver Archives, Vancouver, BC (AM54-S4-: Port P1633).
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E. Pauline Johnson entry by Alix Shield, December 2017. Alix Shield is a settler scholar as well as one of the longest-serving members of The People and the Text team. She completed her PhD in the Department of English and is now a Continuing Lecturer in the Department of Indigenous Studies at Simon Fraser University. Alix has digitized many of the E. Pauline Johnson archival documents in our collection and is responsible for the development and maintenance of our project's Drupal multisite.
Updates by Eli Davidovici in March 2024. Eli is an alumnus of McGill University, graduating with an M.Mus. in Jazz Performance in Summer 2024.
Please contact Deanna Reder at dhr@sfu.ca regarding any comments or corrections.
